Chapter overview - Neurological aspects

The chapter Neurological aspects Deals with ADHD from a neurophysiological perspective and includes the following articles:

• Neurological basics
• Neurotransmitters in ADHD
  • Dopamine
    • 1. What is regulated by dopamine
    • 2. The 6 dopaminergic systems of the brain
    • 3. Interactions of the dopaminergic brain areas
    • 4. Dopamine formation and storage
    • 5. Dopamine release
    • 6. Tonic / phasic / extracellular dopamine
    • 7. Dopamine effect on receptors
    • 8. Dopamine reuptake, dopamine degradation
    • 9. What regulates dopamine
    • 10. ADHD - Disorders of the dopamine system
    • 11. Dopamine and stress
    • 12. Autism as a dopaminergic Disorder
    • 13. Depression as a dopaminergic Disorder
    • 14. Parkinson’s as a dopaminergic Disorder
    • 15. Schizophrenia as a dopaminergic Disorder
    • 16. Measurement of dopamine
  • Noradrenaline
  • Cannabinoid system
    • Cannabinoids
    • Cannabinoid receptors
    • Other receptors to which cannabinoids bind
    • Cannabinoid reuptake and degradation
    • What is regulated by cannabinoids
      • Cannabinoids regulate dopamine
      • Cannabinoids also regulate appetite and food intake via dopamine
    • What regulates cannabinoids
    • Cannabinoids for ADHD and stress
    • Dopaminergic disorders with endocannabinoid involvement
  • Adenosine
  • Traceamine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Adrenalin
  • Glycine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Histamine
  • Opioids
• Hormones for ADHD
  • CRH
  • ACTH
  • Steroid hormones
    • Cortisol
      • Cortisol and other stress hormones in ADHD
      • Cortisol and stress axis changes in other disorders
    • DHEA
    • Allopregnanolone
    • Aldosterone
  • Alpha-amylase
  • Vasopressin
  • Oxytocin
  • Orexin / Hypocretin
  • BDNF
• Amino acids
• Glucose transporters in ADHD
• Neurophysiological correlates of ADHD symptoms
  • Aggression in ADHD - Neurophysiological correlates
  • Drive problems in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Arousal and activation in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Attention problems in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
    • The dopaminergic and noradrenergic attention centers
  • Chronic pain and muscle tension in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Thinking blocks and decision-making problems in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Emotional dysregulation - neurophysiological correlates
  • Frustration intolerance in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Hyperactivity in ADHD - Neurophysiological correlates
  • Impulsivity in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Learning problems in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Motivation in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Neurophysiological correlates of motor problems
  • Organizational and executive function problems in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Rigidity and task switching problems - neurophysiological correlates
  • Sleep problems in ADHD - neurophysiological correlates
  • Social phobia - neurophysiological correlates
• Eyes and vision with ADHD
• Gender differences in ADHD
• ADHD in animal models
  • ADHD animal models with reduced extracellular dopamine
  • ADHD animal models with increased extracellular dopamine
  • ADHD animal models with unknown dopamine alteration
  • Animal models that inadequately represent ADHD
• Brain networks and connectivity in ADHD
• Brain hemispheres
• People with ADHD affected brain regions

Some sections of the article ⇒ could also be useful for understanding neurological correlations ADHD - different explanatory models in the past and today May be helpful. The following headings link directly to the respective sections:

• 3. Cause-oriented explanatory models
  • 3.1. nutritional consequences / food intolerances
  • 3.2. inflammation and impaired blood-brain barrier as a result of impaired intestinal flora
  • 3.3. dopamine as the cause of ADHD
    • 3.3.1 Dopamine levels too low
    • 3.3.2 Tonic and phasic dopamine
      • 3.3.2.1 The dynamic development theory
        • 3.3.2.1.1 The mesolimbic dopamine pathway
        • 3.3.2.1.2 The mesocortical dopamine pathway
        • 3.3.2.1.3 The nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
      • 3.3.2.2 Reduced tonic dopamine release increases phasic dopamine release
    • 3.3.3 Dopamine transfer deficit model (DTD; Tripp and Wickens, 2008)
    • 3.3.4 ADHD as a developmental disorder of dopaminergic brain pathways
      • 3.3.4.1 Maturation of the dopaminergic pathways
      • 3.3.4.2 Post-maturation of the brain?
  • 3.4. dysfunction in the anterior cingulate cortex
  • 3.5. energy deficit hypothesis
  • 3.6. cerebellar dysfunction
• 4. More complex neurological models
  • 4.1. cognitive-energetic model according to Sergeant (2000)
  • 4.2. 2 or 3 - causes model according to Sonuga-Barke (dual-pathway / triple-pathway)
  • 4.3. 3 Endophenotypes according to Castellanos and Tannock
  • 4.4. 4-category model according to Hunt
  • 4.5. reduced inhibition / overactivity of the Default Mode Network (DMN)
  • 4.5 Rolandic wave spikes and epileptoform EEG abnormalities

Various cortical and subcortical brain regions are involved in ADHD.¹